1 Race is a social construct
"Race" is a human invention from the 1600s, manufactured to justify slavery — not a discovery about humanity.
The concept of race didn't exist before the 16th century. European colonizers and the transatlantic slave trade required a story that made enslaved Africans "less than human" to override the Christian conviction that slavery dehumanizes. Pseudoscientific theories of biological inferiority were invented to supply that story, and "race" has functioned that way ever since.
“Race/ism is a socially constructed system of economic and social oppression that often requires the belief in "race" and the practice of racialization to reinforce various power imbalances.”
Mason, The Raceless Antiracist, quoted in racelessmovement essay (May 2025)
Example
Pre-1600s history shows tribalism — An Lushan Rebellion, Emishi Wars, Egyptian enslavement of Hebrews — but not "race" as we know it. Race is tribalism's most recent and most codified mask.